Abstract:
Background: Leptospirosis is one of the neglected causes of febrile illness and death in developing countries,
including Tanzania. The study aims to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile
patients in Unguja Island.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the three selected hospitals in Unguja Island between January
and March 2022. A total of 402 participants with febrile illness were enrolled in the study, and blood samples were
collected for sera preparation. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to detect antibodies against five
Leptospira serovars, including Sokoine, Lora, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hebdomadis. All sera samples reacted
with MAT titers≥1:160 were counted as positive, MAT titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:80 were counted as exposed to
Leptospira bacteria while the absence of agglutination was regarded as negative. The data was analyzed using SPSS
version 26, 2019. Descriptive and logistic regression was performed, and p≤0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
Results: The mean age of study participants was 29.62 ±16.34, with a range of 0 days to 80 years. Most of them were
females (64.2%) and unemployed (67.9%). The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.3-10.8).
Females were 1.016 times higher likelihood to have leptospirosis (AOR = 1.016, 95% CI: 0.47-2.185, p = 0.968).
Participants aged 18-35 were 2.093 times more likely to be infected with leptospirosis (AOR= 2.093, 95% CI: 0.835-
5.250, p = 0.115). Participants who were unemployed (AOR = 1.169, 95% CI: 0.522-2.615, p = 0.704) revealed a
significantly higher likelihood of being infected with leptospirosis. The predominant Leptospira serovars circulating
among febrile patients were Sokoine 44 (10.9%), Lora 25 (6.2%), Grippotyphosa 20 (5.0%), Pomona 10 (2.5%), and
Hebdomadis 9 (2.2%).
Conclusion: Leptospirosis is a public health threat among febrile patients in Unguja Island; therefore, it’s important to
be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-malaria febrile patients for early prevention and control strategies.
